The relationship between levels of lead and cadmium blood with iron deficiency and anemia in children and women: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Document Type : Review

Authors

1 Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran

2 Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3 Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran

4 Assistant Professor of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran

5 PhD Candidate of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran

Abstract

Background and Aims: Anemia patients are more susceptible to environmental contaminations such as heavy metals which can cause them health problems. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in serum with anemia in children and women as a systematic and meta-analytic review.
Materials and Methods: This was a meta-analytic study on 16 studies associated with serum Pb and Cd level in children and women. The concentration of both metals was obtained from articles published in prestigious journals during 2001 to 2016. The data were analyzed using the Dormisonian and Lerid methods in the metafor package of R software.
Results: The results showed that the mean of Pb and Cd in the case group was more than control group. Meanwhile, the lowest mean of reported Pb in the case group was 0.31 in Turkey and the lowest mean Cd in a study of Egypt was 0.01. Also, the results showed that concentration of heavy metals of Pb and Cd was related to the condition of anemia and  caused significant increase in both metals’ concentration . (p <0.05).
Conclusion: Meta-analysis showed that in patients with anemia, the level of Pb and Cd was 3.55 and 1.74 respectively, more than control group. Also, the Q-test was highly significant and indicative of heterogeneity of the impact size in different studies

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